ARCHAEOLOGISTS have uncovered conclusive evidence that a wooden hut traditionally associated with St Columba at his ancient monastery on the island of Iona dates to his lifetime in the late sixth century.
Carbon dating has led to the breakthrough, which proves samples of hazel charcoal, unearthed in an excavation of a wattle and timber structure on Iona 60 years ago, are from the exact period Columba lived at a monastery on the Inner Hebridean island. The structure is believed to be the monk’s “cell” where he prayed and studied.
The samples were excavated in 1957 by archaeologist Professor Charles Thomas but with radiocarbon dating only just emerging at the time, they were not tested and instead kept in matchboxes in his garage in Cornwall.
Although the excavators of the hut argued it was likely to be Columba’s cell, the lack of dating technology led many archaeologists to dismiss the findings as speculation and scientifically unproven. In 2012, part of Thomas’s archive was passed to Historic Environment Scotland.
It was shared with the University of Glasgow, which recently identified the significance of the samples and submitted them for carbon dating.
Results show the hut dated back to between 540 and 650. Columba died in 597.
Altogether, 10 radiocarbon dates were returned from samples from Thomas’s excavations, all dating to the early medieval period (AD 500-1100).
Thomas died last year but Dr Adrian Maldonado, also from the University of Glasgow, described the dating as vindication of his foresight in storing the samples.
“Thomas always believed he and his team had uncovered Columba’s original wooden hut but they could never prove it because the technology wasn’t there,” he said.
“So, for us, 60 years later, to be able to send the original samples off to the radiocarbon dating labs and have them come back showing, within the margin of error, as something which may have been built in the lifetime of St Columba, is very exciting. This is as close as any archaeologist has come to excavating a structure built during the time of St Columba and it is a great vindication of the archaeological instincts of Thomas and his team.”
St Columba is widely revered as a key figure in western Christianity and brought the religion to Scotland from Ireland, landing on Iona in the year 563.
In the Life of St Columba, written 100 years after his death by his successor Adomnan, Columba was described as often writing in his cell on a rocky hillock, called Torr an Aba or “the mound of the abbot”.
When Thomas excavated the site 60 years ago, the carbonised remains of wattle walls of a small hut were unearthed below layers of loose pebbles, suggesting the wooden structure had burned down and the area filled over. The site was later marked with a cross.
Professor Thomas Clancy, Celtic and Gaelic historian at the University of Glasgow, said: “The remains on top of Torr an Aba had been dismissed as being from a much later date. Now we know they belonged to a structure which stood there in Columba’s lifetime. More than that, the dates, and our new understanding of the turning of the site into a monument not long after its use, makes it pretty clear that this was St Columba’s day or writing house.”
The Iona research group believes the Cathach, a manuscript of psalms reputed to be Columba’s own writing, would have been created in his cell.
The tiny island, where an abbey stands on the monastery site, is regularly busy with tourists from around the world and visitor numbers are expected to grow with the confirmation.
Derek Alexander, head of archaeological services for the National Trust for Scotland, which maintains the island, said: “It’s one of the highlights of coming to Scotland, it’s a bit of an adventure and pilgrimage in its own right for tourists. That’s what people have been doing all the way really since Columba.
“The tourists of today are pretty much like the visitors of 1200 years ago, it hasn’t changed that much, and the more we find out about it the more significance I think it has.”
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